The Colorado Invasive Plant Assessment table categorizes non-native plants that threaten the state’s agricultural productivity and native ecosystems. Categorization is based on an assessment of the impacts of the plant on agricultural and native systems. The inventory represents the best available knowledge of invasive plant experts in the state. The Noxious Weed program uses a
Plant Assessment Form
and
Weed List Criteria
to evaluate plant species of interest.
Each plant on the list received an overall rating of High, Moderate or Limited based on evaluation using the criteria system. The meaning of these overall ratings is described below. In addition to the overall ratings, specific combinations of section scores that indicate significant potential for invading new ecosystems triggers an Alert designation so that land managers may watch for range expansions. Some plants were categorized as Evaluated But Not Listed because either we lack sufficient information to assign a rating or the available information indicates that the species does not have significant impacts at the present time.
High – These species have severe ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal and establishment. Most are widely distributed ecologically.
Moderate – These species have substantial and apparent—but generally not severe—ecological impacts on physical processes, plant and animal communities, and vegetation structure. Their reproductive biology and other attributes are conducive to moderate to high rates of dispersal, though establishment is generally dependent upon ecological disturbance. Ecological amplitude and distribution may range from limited to widespread.
Limited – These species are invasive but their ecological impacts are minor on a statewide level or there is not enough information to justify a higher score. Their reproductive biology and other attributes result in low to moderate rates of invasiveness. Ecological amplitude and distribution are generally limited, but these species may be locally persistent and problematic.
Plant Assessment Matrix
(Complete Matrix)
| Scores:* | Regions: | |
| A = Severe | NW = Northwest | |
| B = Moderate | SW = Southwest | |
| C = Limited | FR= Front Range | |
| D = None | D = Denver | |
| U = Unknown | SC= South Central | |
| NW = Northeast | ||
| *For Use With Complete Matrix |
SE= Southeast | |
| NP = Not Present in State | ||
| U = Unknown |
| Common Name/ Scientific Name |
Wildlands Rating / Alert? |
Agriculture Rating / Alert? |
Doc. | Advisory Committee Recomm. | Regions | Habitats of Concern and Comments |
| sericea lespedeza/ Lespedeza cuneata |
Limited | Limited | 3.4 | Down-list from List A to Watch | NP | wet meadows, shortgrass prairies, tallgrass prairies, hay meadows, roadsides, and pine woodlands |
| yellow nutsedge/ Cyperus esculentus |
Moderate | Moderate | 3.2 | Down-list from List B to List C | U | agricultural systems, especially irrigated land, as well as a few wetter grassland/rangeland |
| giant salvinia/ Salvinia molesta |
High X |
Moderate | 3.4 | Keep as List A | NP | lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams and canals |
| quackgrass Elytrigia repens |
High | Moderate | 3.0 | Keep as a B List | NW, NE | widespread throughout the US. Invades oak, aspen, sagebrush, grasslands, mountain meadows, and prairie. |
| hydrilla / Hydrilla verticillata |
High X |
High X |
2.3 | Keep as A List | NP | lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams and canals |
| wild caraway/ Carum carvi |
Moderate | Moderate | 3.1 | Keep as a List B | FR | disturbed areas, along roadsides, along ditches, hay fields, and mountain meadows. A serious problem in hay production and pasture systems. |
| Eurasian watermilfoil/ Myriophyllum spicatum |
High X |
High X |
2.4 | Keep as B List | FR, D, SC | lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams and canals |
| giant reed / Arundo donax |
High X |
Moderate X |
3.1 | List A | D | growing along lakes, streams, drains and other wet sites. Water usage is high in support of its rapid growth. |
| Japanese knotweed/ Polygonum cuspidatum |
Moderate X |
High X |
2.2 | List A | NW, FR, D | roadsides, throughout riparian areas, in wetlands, and in urban areas or other disturbed sites with adequate moisture |
| elongated mustard / Brassica elongata, Erhr. ssp. integrifolia |
Limited | High X |
3.8 | List A | SC | roadsides and in other disturbed soils under a variety of climatic conditions including; high salinity, extreme temperatures, and varied elevations. Pinion-Juniper woodlands, other desert/semi-arid communities. |
| bulbous bluegrass/ Poa bulbosa |
Limited | Moderate | 2.4 | List C | NW, FR | short/tall grass prairie, hay meadows, urban areas, and sagebrush/foothills scrublands |
| arrowhead/ Sagittaria sagittifolia |
Limited | Moderate | 3.5 | unlisted | NP | Ponds, canals and slow flowing water on muddy sub-strata in shallow water |
| common iceplant Mesembr-yanthemum crystallinum |
Limited | Limited | 2.9 | unlisted | SW | gardens and disturbed areas |
| grass leaf matt daisy/ Hirpicium armeriodes |
Eval no list | Eval no list | 0.0 | unlisted | SW | gardens |
| matrimony vine/ Lycium barbarum |
Limited | Limited | 2.2 | unlisted | D | praires, wet meadows, scrublands, and urban areas where plants are being cultivated. Grown for Goji Berries. |
| Siberean Peashrub/ Caragana arborescens |
Moderate | Limited | 3.0 | unlisted | FR, D | This species prefers to grow in forested gaps. This could include many types of forest at a wide range of temperatures/elevations. |
| tree of heaven/ Ailanthus altissima |
Limited | Moderate | 2.0 | unlisted | SW, FR, D | Urban areas, especially along roads causing damage to sewers, foundations, sidewalks, roadways, and power lines. Riparian areas and other natural areas are susceptible. |
| wild parsnip/ Pastinaca sativa |
Limited | Moderate | 3.9 | unlisted | NW, FR,SC, SE | Escapee from cultivation. Grows in disturbed sites, along roads and ditches and in abandoned agriculturallands |
| yellow bedstraw/ Galium verum |
Limited | Moderate | 3.5 | unlisted | NW | Hay meadows, dryland crops, urban, exurban, and industrial |
| yellow sweetclover/ Melilotus officinalis |
Moderate | Moderate | 2.6 | unlisted | NW, FR, D | Found across the state, and is particularly present in urban areas, hay meadows, and scrublands |
| Sahara mustard/ Brassica tournefortii |
High X |
Moderate X |
3.0 | watch | NP | Thrives in gravelly soils and disturbed areas and desert environments. |
| baby's breath/ Gypsophila paniculata |
Moderate X |
Moderate | 3.2 | Watch | FR, D, SC | Shortgrass prairies, hay meadows, ponderosa pine forests, ornamental plantings, and roadsides. |
| common bugloss/ Anchusa officinalis |
Moderate | Moderate | 2.8 | Watch | NW | Hay meadows, pastures, rangelands, and disturbed areas. It is commonly cultivated as an ornamental. |
| common reed/ Phragmites australis |
Moderate | Limited | 3.3 | Watch | U | Found in level, wet, muddy or seasonally flooded (less than 20") sites, such as: roadside ditches, marshes and wetlands, along the edges of lakes and ponds and other riparian areas. |
| flowering rush/ Butomus umbellatus |
Limited | Moderate | 3.0 | Watch | NP | Generally found in shallower portions of lakes, riparian zones along slow moving rivers and streams and in wetlands and marshes. Deeper water infestations are possible. |
| hairy willow-herb/ Epilobium hirsutum |
Limited | Limited | 2.2 | Watch | FR, D | Low pastures, ditches, wetlands, stream banks, fields and meadows. Often found growing in the same habitat as and can co-exist with purple loosestrife. |
| Himalayan blackberry/ Rubus armeniacus |
Moderate X |
High X |
3.1 | Watch | U | wet meadows, mid-elevation, moist pine, spruce forests as well as riparian shrublands in the Foothills region. |
| Japanese blood grass/ cogongrass/ Imperata cylindrica |
High X |
Moderate X |
2.9 | Watch | U | Ornamental, with potential to invade grasslands, fields, riparian areas, flood plains, dry scrubs, pastures, roadsides, and disturbed sites. Colorado climate may control invasions but cold tolerant cultivars may be a threat. |
| onionweed/ Asphodelus fistulosus |
Moderate X |
Moderate X |
2.4 | Watch | U | Serious problem in climates like California and Australia, where there is abundant moisture for growth during establishment. Drought hardy after establishment. |
| pampas grass/ Cortideria jubata |
Moderate X |
High X |
3.4 | Watch | D | Riparian shrublands, developed lands, as well as low elevation dunes, rock outcrops, and canyonlands. |
| scotch broom/ Cytisus scoparius |
Limited | Moderate X |
3.2 | Watch | U | Can occur in open forests, riparian corridors, and grasslands |
| swainsonpea/ Sphaerophysa salsula |
Eval no list | High X |
3.2 | Watch | D | Most commonly foundin distrubed areas such as roadsides, ditches, and poor soils. |
| Syrian beancaper/ Zygophyllum fabago |
Moderate X |
Moderate | 2.6 | Watch | NW | Thrives well is areas that are dry and contain alkaline soils |
| water hyacinth/ Eichhornia crassipes |
High X |
Moderate X |
3.0 | Watch | NP | Is capable of establishing in a wide range of aquatic systems |
| water lettuce/ Pistia stratiotes |
Moderate X |
Moderate X |
2.9 | Watch | NP | Can become established in lakes, ponds, reservoirs, streams, rivers and canals |
| white bryony/ Bryonia alba |
High X |
Moderate X |
2.6 | Watch | U | Riparian and wetland areas as well as woodland areas may be at risk. |
| woolly distaff thistle/ Carthamus lanatus |
Moderate X |
Moderate | 2.2 | Watch | NW | Pastures, rangeland, and disturbed areas. |
| bathurst burr, spiney cocklbur / Xanthium spinosum |
Limited | Moderate | 3.2 | Watch | SE, SC | Riparian areas, irrigated pastures, hay meadows, shrublands, and waste areas. |
| meadow hawkweed Hieracium Caespitosum |
High X |
Moderate X |
1.9 | Watch | U | can spread rapidly across abandoned pastures, meadows, and clear-cut areas due to its prodigious stolon growth. |